When I was a kid I loved playing with fire.
I enjoyed starting the fire when my family would go camping, and I was constantly tending it. I wanted to know what would burn, so I would experiment. Green spruce bows popped and spat but eventually burst into flames and then flamed out quickly. Pretty exciting. Pine and fir bows: same deal. Dry juniper bows spat and sparked loudly, flaming up and dying back just as quickly. Cowpie? Eventually burns, good to know. Because I was raised by parents who generally care about the world around us, I didn’t experiment much with tin foil, cans, Mountain House bags, or glass bottles when camping.

But at home – when my parents weren’t looking – I experimented. What happens when ants burn? What about a ripe apricot? These were questions I felt utterly compelled to find answers to. And so I did my best. Ants shrivel up and extinguish with a subtle pop which you can hear if you listen closely. Apricots require explosives.
The tension between experimentation for experimentation’s sake and an outright desire for destruction is difficult to untangle. And then why did this infatuation just evaporate at some point? But also why, when I do find myself staring into a fire as an adult, am I totally captivated, awed?
Professor of Anthropology Daniel Fessler has researched this topic and offers some clarity here. In his paper, A Burning Desire: Steps Toward an Evolutionary Psychology of Fire Learning, he says that just as humans and primates are born with an inherent fear of snakes, we are also born with an inherent fascination with fire. Kids in traditional cultures are expected to be interested in fire with their curiosity peaking around age six and a half. Fessler says that besides fire’s use for survival (warmth and light) it was also evolutionarily advantageous to have an interest in fire because it expanded our diet, what we were able to hunt.
Controlling fire also aided in developing tools, combating predators, and managing wild plant resources. And because humans inhabited all sorts of different environments, there was no universal mastery of fire. Fire making had to be learned in each new environment. Everywhere we went we had to find out what burns, what makes fire, and how to keep it going.
He goes on to say that children in traditional cultures don’t really play with fire, rather their interest is more practical, utilitarian. They bake pretend food, or even cook little bits of real food, for example. He thinks this is probably due to the mundanity of fire in these cultures. Fire in western cultures, on the other hand, is anything but mundane. We use it for celebrations. We set off fireworks on the Fourth of July, we burn giant effigies at gatherings like Burning Man, and we barbecue fancy meats to celebrate someone’s graduation or birthday.
And, of course, we light campfires when we go backpacking. Sometimes I wonder if this too is a ceremony of some sort, a celebration that we have escaped the office, that we have found the forest and the big sky full of stars. We did it!
It stands out to me that my interest in fire peaked not in middle childhood but in my early teenage years. Fessler says it is common in western societies today for interest in fire to peak around age 12. But then I’m left wondering if that’s really even true. I know plenty of adults who can’t go backpacking without having a fire each night. They poke at it incessantly, completely transfixed. I wonder if our interest in fire never goes away. I wonder if, when we don’t live in a traditional culture, fire experimentation becomes fire play and simply extends into adulthood, where we are still just trying to find out what burns, what doesn’t. I wonder if there is ultimately no purpose to this fire play and if we should have stopped when we were kids.

So I want to ask the backpacking community why many of us still feel compelled to have fires. Considering the severe drought conditions across much of the western United States and all the wildfires raging west of the hundredth meridian, maybe we should take a deeper look at this desire.
I know there are fire bans in many places now, but even before that, we should have known better. The Pack Creek Fire near Moab, Utah was started by an unattended campfire. Maybe if whoever left that fire burning had paid a little more attention when playing with fire as a teenager they’d know that the ground was dry, the crispy ponderosas just waiting for a spark. But maybe that’s wishful thinking on my part. Maybe our fireplay is now displaced. Instead of learning about the interactions between fire and the world around us, we have gotten sucked into the fire itself, what it consumes, how fun it can be. Maybe the ceremony of lighting it and the distraction of its mystery have superseded the practical implications of our mastery of the tool.
A group of friends and I recently walked the South and North Coast trails on the Olympic Peninsula and found ourselves camping in the rainforest on our last night. I looked up at the giant firs and cedars and listened to the eerie-sounding birdcalls echo through the forest. I examined sword ferns and felt occasionally the salty spray of the sea reach us where we stood amongst the trees. But when my friend started a campfire, all that faded away.
He piled so much driftwood on it that I had to back up. Then I somehow found myself with the job of spark stomper. Then when it got dark I got sucked in and just stared at it. The common phrase for this act – Cowboy TV – is telling, for what is TV but a distraction from the world around us? I thought about how addicted many of us are to our screens these days and pondered if Cowboy iPhone could be a more appropriate name for the distraction that fires provide. It’s striking that the act of fire staring is unique to western societies and that it is virtually nonexistent in traditional societies.

Of course, I will make a fire in winter if it is very cold and when nights are long. In other seasons I will start a fire if someone has fallen in a creek, or if everyone’s clothes are soaked from a storm and we need to try and reset things a bit. And I will stare at both fires and iPhones plenty more in my life, but when I do, I will try to think a little more deeply about what I’m doing. I will try to be thinking about how adult interest in fire might not be all that different from other evolutionary holdovers such as the fight or flight instinct transmuting into anxiety when we’re stuck in rush hour traffic. And if I feel a desire to start a fire and know it is not actually needed for survival, I should try and remember that I may actually be engaging in an adult form of fire play that should have faded away a long time ago.
And the arid land will probably thank me for my fireless camp.
Related Content
- More by Ben Kilbourne
- Read the first of Rex Sanders’ series of articles on wildfires
- Use our site search engine to find more articles and forum threads about fire
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Discussion
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“Hey if I lived in California I’d be pretty darned focused on fires. I also remember posts from the big fire that took out Kat’s house and lots lots more and how bad it got in the Bay area”
Yeah, it’s a misery. Yesterday south lake Tahoe topped the nation in poor air quality, at 560 ppm. Unhealthy begins at around 50.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/27/us/lake-tahoe-wildfire-smoke-covid.html
With full acknowledgement of wildfire risk rendering fires unsafe and inappropriate at times, I’ve found that depending on cookfires connects me strongly to my environment. Foraging, fishing, and campfires help make one feel a part of the “wilderness” and, with the right ethics in mind, foster ecological consciousness and sustainable practices.
I did a short backpacking trip in Yosemite Tuesday-Thursday to escape the hazardous levels of wildfire smoke in the foothills above Sacramento where I live. When I picked up my permit, the ranger said campfires were still allowed in established rings below 9k feet. I was really surprised that campfires were still allowed given that large areas of CA are on fire and the AQI in the valley was over 100 that day. Unfortunately, I had to stay overnight in the backpackers campground at Toulumne Meadows before I began my hike. Most of the fire rings were being used and since all the downed wood had been scavenged long ago, people were pulling limbs off the trees and trying to burn green wood. It was a smokey mess. My tent and gear reaked of smoke when I packed it up in the morning. When arrived at Young Lakes (elev. 9,800 ft), I found a nice secluded spot and set up camp. At dusk, I notice folks across the lake had built a campfire (obviously they didn’t listen or totally ignored rules) and the smoke lingered around the lake for hours. It sucked. I don’t like campfire smoke and would prefer not to smell it when I’m out backpacking. It kinda triggers my flight instinct because of all the big fires we’ve had in CA over the past 10 years. I think campfires should be prohibited in the summer months in the CA backcountry because of the extreme conditions. To those of you that love your campfires, smoke is an irritant that impacts the enjoyment of those around you, like loud music, bright head lamps, etc., please be considerate of others.
^^^ Good post Kate. Exactly all the problems that concern this issue in California.
Yeah, good point Kate. I too have been in situations where campfire smoke has been obnoxious.
That should be another consideration when thinking about having a campfire. Don’t do it if there are other people around that will have to breath your smoke.
And don’t make a campfire if there isn’t a lot of down wood. Especially, don’t damage those alpine snags that are so beautiful.
I hate smoke. I spent more than a decade at my last house trying to get open burning reduced in my municipality. Smoking a cigarette at a bus stop is prohibited but open burning is fine with them. The first pic below was taken from my deck.
I usually avoid backpacking in parks that allow campfires. Fortunately there is a good backpacking park here that never allows campfires (2nd pic). Not that it stops everyone. At least the province has some sense. All burning (including campfires) has been banned for the entire province since the end of June. I’m amazed California stills allows campfires.
https://backpackinglight.com/forums/topic/its-time-to-talk-about-campfires/page/3/#post-3725406
Camp Fires can be made with very little smoke.
(quote)
In German-occupied Norway (1940-45), small groups of men would slip into the forests for several days at a time as part of the Resistance efforts. Young teenager Paal Wendlebo regularly went with one group. Their cover story was the search for additional food, but they avoided the German patrols as best they could. Their meals were prepared with the smallest of fires and minimal smoke. The men showed Paal how to lay a small pile of very dry small sticks horizontally parallel and with the smallest wood on top. They would light the fires at the top. There were no stove structures or fire containers, just the sticks. The fires did produce a little smoke, but most off the smoke was wonderfully consumed in the steady flames at the top of the fuel pile. The pot was a one-litre tin hanging on a stick extended over the fire. (end quote)
If you’re in an area that’s had enough rain and conditions aren’t dangerously dry, I don’t see what’s wrong with building a small fire, at least one that doesn’t impinge on other backpackers. Problem is there’s too many simpletons out there who will do stupid things with fire. So how do you deal with the issue? Answer is you can’t. It’s like trying to enforce mask and/or vaccine mandates. This is the rugged American individualist we’re talking about here. They want no government intervention (at least until they need government that is), and they don’t have much of a collective sense of the common good for all either. It’s more about “their freedoms”. If everyone had sound judgement about fires then manmade wildfires would be almost non-existent. Unfortunately not so bright people also have the right to build fires too. And that’s why I somewhat agree with Eric’s earlier statement in this thread. Not that you need counseling for wanting to build a a fire, but for drier parts of the country or drought regions, fires should only built in emergency situations. All one needs to do is look at the percentage of wildfires that are started by humans to see that it’s just not worth it. Bring extra down clothing if you have to, anything, but we have to stop all of our forests from burning up.
Well I don’t build fires when I’m backpacking but after I harvest an elk in late November I do. Normally I don’t have time for a fire, but after the harvest I have things to get done for the pack out and doing them next to a fire is better than doing them in negative temperatures with a head lamp.
However, I find the criticism of campfires as related to wildland fires a bit hypocritical. I believe we have failed in allowing most wildland fires to burn and we have failed in facilitating massive prescribed burns that were common in pre Anglo times. It’s hilarious to hear the handwringing over failed wildland fire policy due to excessive suppression and yet not embrace the potential to reverse that failure. Even in my home county where the majority of the spruce/fir is beetle kill down south and the Doug Fir is getting hit hard, they still can’t accept regular fire cycles would have provided a mosaic of various seral stages that would have prevented the results we have now. So you all can embrace the old growth mantra, but I say we have a hundred years of disturbance to get back to in order to actually find a forest with a healthy mosaic of seral and age classes.
PMags has a good article on this topic too: https://pmags.com/to-not-build-a-fire
I don’t see why it has to become such a philosophical issue. Maybe its because people are so opinionated? Maybe that’s another philosophical issue? How about we changed “Hike Your Own Hike” to “Hike Your Own Area”?
It reminds me of some bear canister threads where people seem to think that because bear canisters are needed in CA we should use them everywhere or conversely that CA doesn’t need them because someone hike the AT and a bear never stole their food. Both annoy me. If you want people to overreact imply that either
A. You don’t respect their specific circumstances.
B. You want everyone to take YOUR precautions specific to your area.
So yeah I’m not going to build a fire in California. But I will along a stream in Alaska because it’s safe and the next flood will wash it away. Besides that my Ahtna friends have been building fires there for thousands of years. A fire ring at a hunting camp is almost a natural as a pile of bear scat. In Alaska I have little patience with complaints that its “not LNT.” obviously over used areas of the Sierra are a different matter.
Although your points about the extrapolation and dogmatization of opinion into policy are both salient and well-founded, you’ve highlighted the epicenter of the issue here: it is overuse of an area – either intentional or incidental – that scars and changes the landscape from a mostly-wild space into a transformed and civil environment. When left to itself and only under light pressure, the landscape heals and adapts itself to usage on a constant basis; when usage exceeds the healing capacity, however, transformation occurs. Trails form, fires leave scars, waterways shift their course, forests are cut down, and fields are sown…and none of this is inherently bad: it’s simply different, in that the landscape is altered. What is unfortunate, though, is that as time passes the permitting or condemnation of any given transformative actions tend to be based less on necessity or information, and increasingly directed by the aforementioned and extrapolated dogma.
Or, more simply put: as time passes, humans tend to evolve into parrots.
One can be a good shepherd; embrace stewardship and responsibility, and as Monte noted above there will still be fires because ….. people.
So what we’re going to see is more regulation and regulation by its very nature is often over-broad so lotsa people are going to lose some of their “freedom”.
The bear can analogy and the arc of regulation in that case is probably a pretty darn good exhibit A.
The smoke from fires spreads to nearby campers. Talk about maximizing ones impact! What ever happened to quiet, leave no trace, BE no trace, so other people can enjoy the solitude, and the smell of fresh air. We were at an alpine lake this weekend, Fires are currently banned (NFS), and yet these folk had a roaring fire and the smoke spread all over the lake. There was no escape from their smoke. They basically took over the lake with their presence. Seems selfish to me.
Self-absorbed, perhaps…but that’s not true of everyone, and it’s not true of every campfire. In that situation I would not be building a fire, and I don’t think many of the rest of us would do so either… but if I’m in an area where campfires are permitted I’m not going to expect people to not build them. Expecting other people to cater to me would make me just as self-absorbed as the the people in the example you posted. Honestly, the real issue there isn’t the presence of the fire in juxtaposition to someone that didn’t want to be around a fire; rather, it’s the fact that a fire was being built in a restricted area.
too often, the attitude is,
“You’re free to not blast heavy metal music into my campsite, and I’m free TO blast heavy metal into yours. It’s all good, man!”
https://www.sacbee.com/news/california/fires/article253864053.html
It’s worth noting that we’re graduating from campfire bans to blanket outdoor recreation bans.
In Australia, the first day of spring is Sept. 1.
News media often count the ‘real’ start day of spring or summer as the report of the first blowfly sighting, the first cicada heard, or the first politician/fire brigade spokesperson to say “the State is a tinderbox”.
Then the Total Fire Ban comes into force, you can’t even have a gas stove outdoors. Mind you, when it’s so hot and dry that you are carrying all your water, at 4kg/day the enthusiasm for multi-day backpacking declines. That’s surfing weather. Stay safe, all you folks in California!
Here’s the full announcement from the USFS–and yes, they cancelled our permit for a trip starting tomorrow…sigh
USDA Forest Service Temporarily Closing All California National Forests for Public Safety (See Regional Order No. 21-07: Emergency Forest Closure and Press Release
To better provide public and firefighter safety due to extreme fire conditions throughout California, and strained firefighting resources throughout the country, the USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Region is announcing a TEMPORARY CLOSURE of all National Forests in the Region. This closure will be effective at August 31, 2021 at 11:59 p.m. through September 17, 2021 at 11:59 p.m.
Bummer. Fire bans I get. Banning everything seems a bit much.
Evacuating all of south lake Tahoe seems a bit much too…except that’s what’s happening. Reality can be a bit much sometimes. Necessity too.
While it might seem a bit much, one of the issues is that due to the number of fires currently burning, and the ferociousness of some, there aren’t any more firefighters to fight any more fires that break out. And you know that if people go up into the woods, more fires are going to break out. It’s quite a prudent — even necessary — step, IMO.
well written. thoughtful. the problem isn’t the environment. the problem is people. you can’t fix people – it should be obvious that a fire needs to be watched all the time, should be kept small or not even started in many conditions, should have a way to kill it fast if needed – but it isn’t obvious for far too many people. just gonna end up banning them… an emotionally, a fire is as basic as it gets for creating a false sense of security.
i was in the sawtooths and you could look at the sun at 5:30 pm because the smoke blocked so much… just saying
^^ Not to mention what it’s doing to your respiratory system both short and long term
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