Regarding Cuben, the advantages would be:
1) Weight savings. 0.74oz and 0.51oz are the most commonly used variants for tents and they weigh about half of silnylon (~1.4oz)
2) Stretch: Cuben does permanently stretch a bit underload, but it's quite different from silnylon in that it doesn't sag when wet. Silnylon (and light variants of PU nylon) sag quite a bit when exposed to longer durations of rain. The leads to the need to re-tension your shelter and/or use self tensioning guylines in wet conditions.
3) Slipperiness. If you used cuben for the floor, normally a heavier (ie. 1.5oz) variant would be used so there wouldn't be weight savings, but it wouldn't be slippery like silnylon…so you won't have trouble with sleeping pads sliding around.
4) Waterproofness – This one is arguable, but many people consider cuben to be more waterproof than silnylon since it is essentially plastic as opposed to a coated/impregnated fabric. It's definately more waterproof (higher HH) at first, although cuben can develop tiny pinholes with use that could possible lead to some moisture penetration although this has never been observed in the field.
Disadvantages would be:
1) Price. It's a lot more expensive
2) Difficult to manufacturer. Different techniques like bonding and taping are usually required and things need to be designed a little different (ie. seams in shear instead of peel). Cuben seems to be more painstaking to worth with in my experience and if you are bonding with a liquid adhesive then you can't make the tent all in one shot.