Heat conduction to the perimeter of the pad will be very low – essentially no different than in a 20-inch-wide pad if you’re in a sleeping bag. Short answer: I’d focus on the R-value of the quilt, narrow or wide. And if a wide quilt gives you much better sleep, HYOH.
In a quilt? As long as the quilt draped down onto the pad, it seems you’d have the same, roughly semi-circular cross section of meat and air under the quilt.
If the quilt were so large as to drape of the sides of the pad, then maybe it would have a trapezoidal cross section (i.e. extra triangular air passages on each side). Seems like that could make for more drafts, but it would have to a very wide quilt to do that.
When car / boat / kayak camping, I sometimes bring a 30″ wide pad. I don’t notice a difference in drafts. It does help avoid wiggling off the pad and allows for more positions – more towards a fetal position – while all of my body is still on the larger pad. If there’s wet ground or a wet tent floor it is very nice how it keeps more of my quilt dry.
Less of a weight penalty would be if someone made a 20-inch-wide quilt with “rails” along the edge: a thicker cross section just at the edges. After a few nights of use, I suspect I’d learn to stay on the pad without fully waking and prior to wiggling off the pad.