Try to find a copy of “Arizona Trails: 100 Hikes in Canyon and Sierra” by David Mazel. This is the guide that introduced me to hiking and backpacking in Arizona about 40 years ago. It outlines several hikes in the Santa Catalina’s, the Rincon’s east, and the Santa Rita’s. All 3 within an hour or two drive to trailheads.
It also ventures further afield to the Chiricahua’s, Superstitions, Mazatzal, White Mountains, and Grand Canyon.
Most of the loop hiking around Tucson will be in one of the “sky islands” where you often start hikes at desert elevations ~2500′ and ascend 6 or 7 thousand feet. And because they are “smallish” you’ll find most weekender’s in the 3 areas I highlighted to be in the 12-15 mile range.
Out and backs, or end to end shuttle hikes along AZ Trail can deliver more miles if desired. As can the larger Superstition, Mazatzal and Grand Canyon wilderness areas.
And as mentioned, Aravaipa Canyon should be on your must see list.
Sounds like you are new to Tucson, but if also new to AZ, then plan your water carefully. Spring time is usually most forgiving, but if a drought season you’ll often need to carry all your water for a weekend hike. And rattlers are out in in the spring, often coiled in the trail and warming in the sun. (the first couple I encountered really unnerved me, but just be cautious and hike without earbuds).
Food storage-wise, I never had trouble with bear. I moved away a decade ago, so that may have changed, but it was always the smaller critters – mice, raccoons – that had interest in my food. A wire-mesh ratsack always seemed to work, but once I got a bear cannister for a hike in the Sierra Nevada I pretty much started using it all the time for food storage.