One of the reasons down is such a good insulator is that all the tiny barbules in a down plumule have a lot of surface area for what is known as “boundary air”.
A small amount of air is attracted to the surface of certain substances forming a boundary only molecules thick. This boundary air tends to stay in place better than air next to it and it may be due to electrostatic charge. this layer of air is much like “dead” air, not moving and not involved directly in convection and heat loss.
This may be why synthetic insulation manufacturers mix thicker fibers for loft retention with finer fibers for more boundary air as well as fill for the loft.