Peter: I suspect I’ve developed one of the lightest hot tubs to be carried 12 miles over trails. UL is all relative. Some of you bring a big camera or a camp chair as your “luxury item”. Mine’s just a bit more luxurious.
A Dale story: Several of us started caving through the Cal Hiking And Outdoor Society (CHAOS, formerly the UC Hiking Club) around 1990. Later we connected the Diablo Grotto of the NSS and went through proper channels, but we had good enough directions to Empire Cave near UC Santa Cruz and another one, IXL Cave. There was a tight squeeze mid-way in IXL. I could get though (at that time) okay, but it was tight. Smaller people zipped through. As hard as Dale tried, he was just too big of a guy to get through. We decided to rate caves in milliDales, with that passage being about 950 milliDales.
I think he was an ME PhD student while at Berkeley. I was ChemE. He was trying to develop a better tube-in-tube heat exchanger for his water pasteurization systems (once the water is hot, it’s pasteurized, so it could be used to pre-heat additional raw water). He was imagining fins or small-diameter corrugated pipe, but I proposed that there’s something readily available, everywhere, for cheap, that would work: sand. By filling the outer tube with coarse sand, you avoid laminar flow of the water and get much better mixing near the HX surface with water away from the surface. Dale tried it in his lab and it doubled his heat recovery.