Jerry, re the crows/ravens:
Then, after those ravens had lived out their life, the researcher repeated walking around wearing the ape mask and the ravens again made a ruckess.
So, the ravens had communicated to their offspring not to trust humans wearing an ape mask. They told their kids “by the way, if you ever see a human wearing a mask, don’t let them catch you or they’ll pull on your wings and stuff” or something to that effect.
It was widely reported this way in several press stories that presumably copied one another without checking the original research, but it did not happen that way. Crows are extremely smart, but not quite that smart.
What actually happened:
Guy in mask is mean to crows;
Crows specifically “scold” the guy in that mask whenever he reappears;
Other crows who weren’t originally involved copy the mask-specific scolding behavior;
Community scolding of person wearing that specific mask continues whenever he reappears for years after the original event.
So the crows who learn the behavior second-hand are learning it by seeing the masked man show up and observing that other crows scold that guy. It’s still pretty remarkable how specific it is and how long the behavior persists in the community. But crows are NOT mysteriously somehow communicating how a masked bad guy looks to other crows who have never seen him. They are just “pointing out” the bad guy to other crows when he shows up.
The researcher is called John Marzluff, here is giving a TED talk about his work. He talks about the mask expt from around minute 19.
There’s a pretty cool video right at the beginning, where a crow given a straight wire proceeds to bend it to recover a hidden reward.