You need a permit if you camp in the Obsidian area. There are signs on the PCT that say this on both sides. It's from 0.4 miles North of Glacier Way Trail junction to 0.2 miles South of Obsidian Trail junction just South of Obsidian Falls .
I ran into a ranger that told me this as I was walking through there. Somewhere I read that thru-hikers were exempt. Maybe that's for people hiking further than just around the mountain.
I've camped there several times without a permit and no one bothered me. Before I knew of the prohibition.
If you're going South, you could get water as you're just past Obsidian Falls, then walk another mile to some nice flat areas just outside the area.
If you're going North, get water at the Glacier Way stream. Then there's someplace to camp within a mile.
Or just camp discretely and deny any knowledge of camping prohibition : )
About the only other restrictions are you have to camp at sites marked with a post at Moraine Lake and Green Lakes.
I really like that trail between South and Middle Sisters and the area just South of Brokentop.
The portlandhikers.org field guide has more detail than anything else I've seen (seeing as I wrote it : )