For a long time now I have gotten great results by using GoreTex socks with trail running shoes (specifically Cabelas socks with La Sportiva Wildcats). For the 92.2256% of the time when I don't need the GoreTex, the very light socks are in my pack and I get maximum breathability from the shoes. When it's really nasty outside I remove the Wildcat insoles, slip the GoreTex socks over my liner socks, and enjoy dry, warm feet. Later I can remove the GoreTex socks for drying then laundering at home.
Well, ArcTeryx has decided to really run with this concept:
http://soldiersystems.net/2014/06/13/arcteryx-launches-new-footwear-line-from-chamonix-france/
"With any Arc’teryx launch there is going to be a corresponding enabling technology and this is no different. Key in their design process for footwear was breathability. This led them to development of a liner. Specifically, separate shell-liner construction. Based on this concept, they’ve developed the ‘Arc’teryx Adaptive Fit’ (pronounced A squared): the combination of a stretchable liner and single-piece, seamless laminated outer shell that are manufactured separately but worn together for improved comfort, climate management and durability."
