James,
There are a lot of day hikes options in the Red Rock area but overnight backpacking trips are kinda limited due to water concerns and lack of long hiking trails. There are a few books about hiking/backpacking in the Las Vegas Area. One of them "Afoot & Afield: Las Vegas and Southern Nevada" is a pretty good one.
This is from the BLM website for Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area.
Backcountry camping is allowed within Red Rock Canyon NCA above 5,000 feet. A permit is required and can be obtained by calling: 702-515-5050. The backcountry area is remote with no drinking water or firewood for campfires. There is no developed trail system in the backcountry.
Ground fires are prohibited, camping stoves are permitted. To minimize conflicts with wildlife, pets should be on a leash. Pets must be leashed at the visitor center and campground. Pet waste must be cleaned up.
Please carry out all trash. Litter is an eyesore and a hazard to wildlife. Trash cans are located at parking lots along the Scenic Drive and in Willow Springs.
There is also one developed campground at Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area.
Being that Las Vegas is so close to so many outdoor recreation areas there are a couple of other places for a backpack trip including: Lake Mead NRA, Death Valley NP, Zion NP. In Zion the Coal Pits Wash area is a great place in the winter. It's lower in elevation so you don't have to worry about a ton of snow and ice like you do in the higher portions of Zion.
The MT Charleston area is a great backpacking area in the summer but during the winter it's covered in snow. You could do a great snowshoe winter backpack trip up there also.
Most of Nevada is under BLM jurisdiction so you have many areas in which to camp and backpack. Water will be your biggest concern.
Let me know if you have further questions. What conference are you attending in Las Vegas BTW?
James