Some of this stuff has a military equivalent where it will see extreme temperatures in both directions in conex boxes etc while being transported into theater. I can't state exact temperatures but these metal boxes get every bit as hot as a car.
Thermarest Solite pad (could it melt/delaminate?)
This is the non foldable verson of Z lite CCF pad correct? If so, CCF is fine.
Fabric – silnylon, e-vent, bonded cuben (could it degrade in some fashion?)
Haven't left cuben fiber in temperatures over 100*F but silnylon (eg USGI poncho) is fine. Never saw an issue with the seam sealer degrading/melting. Can't speak for eVent but goretex is also fine.
Sleeping bags down or synthetic even if placed loosely?
No problem. I don't pack my sleeping bag until moments before I walk out the door but you mentioned that you're aware to store it loosely.
Basic stuff such as duct tape (could it lose its stickiness?)
Depends on the duct tape as there are many brands but military grade 100mph tape is fine. May be a bit gooey when really hot but usable.
I wouldn't store any alcohol or white gas where it would be exposed to extreme heat. Nothing wax based that may leak out of its original packaging like store bought fire starter.